Both (1) and (2):

• recurrent unexpected Panic Attacks (see Criteria for Panic Attack)

• at least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of one (or more) of the following:

  • persistent concern about having additional attacks

  • worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences (e.g., losing control, having a heart attack, "going crazy")

  • a significant change in behavior related to the attacks

Absence of Agoraphobia (see Criteria for Agoraphobia).

The Panic Attacks are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism).

The Panic Attacks are not better accounted for by another mental disorder, such as Social Phobia (e.g., occurring on exposure to feared social situations), Specific Phobia (e.g., on exposure to a specific phobic situation), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (e.g., on exposure to dirt in someone with an obsession about contamination), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (e.g., in response to stimuli associated with a severe stressor), or Separation Anxiety Disorder (e.g., in response to being away from home or close relatives).